Louis Agassiz was, Darwin aside, the nineteenth century's most acclaimed naturalist. He was the first to speculate about the ice ages and the first to suggest that mastodons and other giant quadrapeds had become extinct as a consequence of the deep freeze in Europe and America. Agassiz was much celebrated in his lifetime, and at his death, Harvard, where he taught, shut down for a day for his majestic funeral. James Russell Lowell contributed an eleven-page elegy to the Atlantic. "Seldom, if ever, has the death of a man of science been so deeply felt," reported The Nation.
These details are drawn from Barry Werth's Banquet at Delmonico's (2009) an oddly-titled but informative and accessible history of Darwinism in gilded-age America.
Here's a striking and crowded sentence about Aggasiz, also drawn from Werth's book."The son of a strong-willed assistant pastor to the Protestant congregation of a lakeside village in French-speaking Switzerland who married well, he was his parents' fifth child but the first to survive infancy."
Agassiz was a therefore a "replacement child" with a vengeance. He "replaced" four lost siblings (but whether male or female Werth does not say). Imagine his parents' pain; imagine how young Louis must have been cherished and protected but also, possibly, afflicted with the 'guilt of the survivor.' Or how he must have unconsciously competed with his deceased and therefore perfect brothers and sisters. And then try to imagine both his mother's suffering and also how his aspiring and apparently devout father might have responded to such an appalling succession of family tragedies.
Agassiz wa.s America's foremost opponent of evolution. He rejected natural selection because, he claimed, "Darwinism" led inevitably to "atheism" -- which hasn't turned out to be the case, although I personally can't imagine why not. Agassiz took his own idiosyncratic route and proselytized for the curious and retrograde doctrine of "polygenism" -- the idea that the various races of man were separately -- and hierarchically -- created. Agassiz imagined eight different kinds of humans, ranked according to their "cranial capacity" -- Caucasian, Arctic, Mongol, American Indian, Negro, Hottentot, Malay, and Australian (thereby running afoul of both "monogenists" like Darwin and bible-worshippers who acknowledged only one creation -- that of Adam and Eve). For Agassiz, each species was "a thought of God." An odd path for usually observant scientist. Agassiz was the favorite intellectual of slaveholders and their apologists.
Agassiz was also a virulent and odious racist. Here's what he wrote to his mother when he stopped at a hotel in which he was served by black waiters. "It is impossible to repress the feeling that they are not of the same blood as us. Seeing their black faces with their fat lips and their grimacing teeth, the wool on their heads, their bent knees and elongated hands, their large curved fingernails, and above all the livid colors of their palms, I could not turn my eyes from their face in order to tell them to keep their distance, and when they advanced that hideous hand toward my plate to serve me, I wished that I could leave in order to eat my bread apart rather than dine with such service. What unhappiness for the white race to have tied its existence so closely with that of the Negroes. God protect us." And so on, and more, and worse. I can't remember reading a paragraph that more turned the stomach or that more cried out for psychological analysis.
I cannot help wondering whether there might not be a connection between Agassiz's status as a replacement child and his embrace of polygenism. It is possible that he unconsciously thought that he was a special and superior person because he, of all his siblings, was chosen for survival? And that in the same way, white people were chosen and superior among all the "races" of humankind. His deeply-held resistance to evidence that persuaded almost all of his fellow naturalists is inexplicable -- unless he clung to the doctrine of special creation for reasons that were fundamentally irrational. Put it this way: Agassiz's unusual situation required him to believe that he, and people with whom he could identify, were marked for distinction -- and that all others were inferior. One of five among the siblings, one of eight among the races. How else could he free himself of the guilt that he lived and thrived while his apparently less deserving siblings had perished?
Broad-brush cheap pop psychologizing, to be sure -- but let's reserve judgment until we find some time to get ourself to the library and learn a little about this brilliant, disgusting man.
Another good book about ideas at the turn of the 19th/20th century, which features Agassiz as an exemplar of 19th century ideas that were being slain and replaced by new ones, is The Metaphysical Club, by Louis Menand. Not sure I totally buy the very specific premise of this book, but Menand makes his argument articulately and very readably.
Posted by: Jim Hermanson | April 02, 2009 at 11:10 PM